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Working Capital

Working Capital = Current Assets − Current Liabilities

Working capital is the dollar gap between what should turn into cash soon and what the company owes soon. Positive means a cushion. Negative means bills outrun assets.

01 Feel it first

Assets vs bills due soon

Slide current assets and current liabilities. Watch the working-capital dollar result and the two-bar stack. Negative turns crimson.

Working capital
$50

02 Break the intuition

"Positive working capital means it's safe."

A $50 cushion looks fine on paper. Reveal what happens when most of it is slow inventory.

ON PAPER
$50
working capital
Assets$150
Bills$100
Looks safe
WITHOUT INVENTORY
−$50
cash + receivables only
Inventory heavyYes
Fragile cushion
Working capital reads $50 with inventory in the pile. Strip inventory and the cushion falls to −$50. Positive on paper can still mean a cash crunch if the goods will not sell in time.

03 Explore the stack

What sits in the cushion?

Tap each slice. Toggle inventory out and watch working capital drop from $50 to −$50.

Cash

Ready now. The fastest part of working capital.

Working capital
$50

With inventory, working capital is $50 ($150 assets − $100 bills). Strip inventory and only $50 of liquid assets remain against $100 of bills. The cushion turns −$50.

04 Sort it

Healthy cushion or warning?

Same formula, different stories. Sort each scenario into a comfortable cushion or a warning sign.

Tap a scenario, then pick healthy cushion or warning.

0 / 4 correct

Tap a card, then tap a bucket.

05 Two flavors

Point-in-time vs average

One balance-sheet photo can lie. Averages smooth out busy seasons.

Uses one balance-sheet date, often year-end. Fast to read, but a retailer piling inventory before holidays can look stressed right before the busy season starts.

06 The catch

Illustrative WC quality bands

Negative is stress. Small positive can still be fragile. Large positive with mostly cash is strongest.

Negative
Squeeze
Small positive
Thin
Solid cushion
OK
Cash-heavy
Strong

Illustrative working-capital quality. Industry and seasonality matter.

07 Check yourself

Five quick checks

Question 1 of 5
Quick checkCurrent assets $120, current liabilities $80. Working capital is:
$40 is right. Working capital = current assets − current liabilities = 120 − 80.

08 Where it breaks

When working capital misleads

Inventory can puff the cushion

Goods on the shelf count as assets but may not sell before bills are due. Pair working capital with the quick ratio.

One snapshot misses the season

Retailers and farmers look different in peak vs off-season. A single year-end photo can mislead.

Unused credit lines do not show up

A bank line the company has not drawn is real backup cash, but it does not appear in working capital. Read the footnotes.

Short-term cover is not long-term safety

You can cover near-term bills and still owe too much for the long haul. Liquidity is not the same as solvency.

See working capital on a live stock.

Open any ticker for balance-sheet context — then screen for firms with a real short-term cushion.